Cyber City Reaction Essay Example for Free

Digital City Reaction Essay The whole idea of â€Å"Cyber City,† an admired high-idea mecca of long lasting incorporated learning, is an intriguing idea†¦on paper. Dennis Gooler and Charles Stegman, the creators of the paper conceptualizing the innovation driven training driven human advancement known as â€Å"Cyber City,† raise some fascinating and appropriate focuses. Integrating innovation into all aspects of learning bodes well, and it totally inarguable, particularly in today’s day and age when innovation is advancing so rapidly and subsequently the whole development of the social layers is changing continually with it. The main path for an individual to keep learning (and even start to remotely keep with up with the continually advancing innovation driven social air) id by executing innovation into his/her regular learning procedures. It is additionally completely sensible that the way toward learning be made continuous all through a person’s life, and in each aspect of their social and workplaces. (In fact, this is as of now the case regardlessâ€it is human instinct to continually be learning, intellectually retaining the things around them and disguising everything so as to more readily advise future exercises and decisionsâ€ask any humanist, and all would concur that the learning procedure never stops, it just appears to be unique and originates from various sources. In any case, to expect that a school-like environment is the just one where an individual can get significant training is something other than gullible; it is annoying. Also, no individual might deny without predisposition another human being’s option to learn, and have equivalent access to learning materials as every single others, giving everybody similar points of interest and evening the odds. These are for the most part phenomenal thoughts. Much the same as the possibility that all individuals ought to have equivalent offers in close to home property and ought to be financially equivalent with no division in economic wellbeing and subsequently no vast inconsistency between the rich and poor. That thought is called communism, socialism in its increasingly vicious structure, and however it sounds great on paper practically speaking they just can’t appear to get it to work right. What Gooler and Stegman have presented here is the possibility of Utopia; should call it Heaven. In spite of the fact that it might be amusing to extrapolate perpetually on the â€Å"wouldn’t-it-be-incredible if†s, this sort of (yet philanthropic) fantasizing doesn't in itself bring forth a strategy. What the creators have viably demonstrated all through this, their interminable fantasizing of an ideal world, is that they have no genuine game plan (the rehashed refusal to diagram a system concerning how to collect the cash for such a venture and keep it above water sometime later is an incredibly evident confirmation as to exactly how unworkable this arrangement may be). Their model is by all accounts dependent on the possibility that if everybody got along and everybody contributed and assisted and they all consented to do this together then it would be incredible. In any case, there is such a great amount of accentuation on learning, and each zone inside this Cyber City is here and there endorsed for extra realizing, that creators/imaginers of this arrangement neglect to represent the need this city should keep tenderizing in income, and a lot of it (which won’t occur if the working environment is compelled to open its entryways and arms to being a position of learning for all who want to do as such), also in any event, moving toward the topic of who is going to take care of everything for all these innovative devices to build learning capacities which would be made available to everyone! Primary concern is: this is private enterprise, not communism, and it seems like an extraordinary thought, truly it does, yet don’t come out with such an extensive envisioning of an ideal world without having a type of functional strategy to see it to fulfillment. What's more, grieved, however you do need to address the cash issue. You just can’t circle-talk your way around it. So thank you for the flawless imaginings of a world such a great amount of better than our own, a world where cash doesn’t matter and individuals aren’t expected to do anything throughout the day consistently aside from learn, and in a totally non-organized learning condition at that, yet please attempt to bring somewhat more substance into it next time. A debt of gratitude is in order for playing.

A Sad Love Story Free Essays

A tragic Love Story.. A kid proposed his better half for marriage, Girl: Tell me. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Sad Love Story or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now . Who do you love most in this world? Kid: You, obviously ! Young lady: What am I to you? Kid: The kid thought for a second and glanced eagerly in her eyes and said â€Å"u r missing piece of my heart † She grinned, and she acknowledged his proposition. ::  ¦ ::  ¦ :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ After their wedding , the couple had a sweet and upbeat life for some time . Notwithstanding ,the energetic couple started to float separated because of the bustling calendar of life and the ceaseless concerns of aily issues and not long after their life became troublesome . ::  ¦ ::  ¦ :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦::  ¦ : All the difficulties presented by the brutal real factors of life started to float away their fantasies and love for one another . .. The couple started to have more fights and each squabble became make their connection all the more most noticeably awful. One day , after the fight , the young lady came up short on the house.. .. At the contrary roadside , she shouted,† You don’ t love me †¦ !† The kid despised her whimsicalness and out of drive, stated ,†May be, it was a misstep for us to e together ..! You were never da missing piece of my  ¦ †¦ !† Suddenly, she turned calm and remained there for quite a while .. .. He lamented what he said however wordsspoken cant be reclaimed. With tears in her eyes, she returned home to pack her things and Before leaving the house,she left a note for him: â€Å"If I ‘m truly not da missing piece of ur  ¦, let me go.. n look for aggregate 1 whu is. .. It is less excruciating thisway†¦ released us on our different ways and quest for our own accomplices .. .† ::  ¦ ::  ¦ :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦::  ¦ : Five years passed by. .. He never remarried however he had attempted to get some answers concerning her life in a roundabout way .. †¦ . She had left the nation and was experiencing her fa ntasies. He use to lament on what he did however never attempted to bring her back. . In obscurity and forlorn night , he lit his cigarette and felt the waiting hurt in his heart. He couldn’ t force himself to concede that he was feeling the loss of her . †¦. One day , they at long last met†¦ . At the air terminal , He was leaving on an excursion for work . He saw her, She was remaining there alone, with simply the security entryway isolating them. She grinned at him delicately . Kid: How are you ? Young lady: I’ m fine. You should.. . Have you discovered your heart ‘ s missing part.. .? Kid: No . Young lady: I’ ll be traveling to New York in the following flight . Kid: I ‘ll return in about fourteen days time . Call me when you are back †¦ You know my number †¦ . Nothing has changed . With a grin , she pivoted and waved farewell .. â€Å"Good-bye . . . † Same night he knew about a plane accident which was made a beeline for New York . He attempted to think about her and discovered that,She passed on . 12 PM. †¦ Once again , he lit his cigarette. †¦ . Also, as in the past, he felt the waiting throb in his heart. †¦ He at long last knew , she was that missing part that he had indiscreetly broken . . . Now and again, individuals make statements out of snapshots of fury†¦ .. We take outour 99% dissatisfactions at our friends and family. †¦ And despite the fact tha t we knowthat we should to†think twice and act wisely†, we really dont do it. Things happen every day , a significant number of which are outside our ability to control . Make an effort not to hurt ur cherished once, bcz amoment of outrage cud b a lifetym discipline †¦ u Instructions to refer to A Sad Love Story, Papers

Africa During Colonialism

Africa obviously, would be colonized by the numerous Europeans. Be that as it may, a great deal of African gatherings/colonization would begin as well. They would begin and more established ones would be extended. The slave exchange had diminished because of British weights thus Africa began exchanging a greater amount of different things with the remainder of the world. This equivalent thing was going on in Asia and the Middle East as well. In South Africa, the Zulu realm would be framed, and in Western Africa, an Islamic caliphate, Sotto Caliphate would be shaped. A significant number of these civic establishments were being shaped by a lot of African people groups around the continent.At first, In Southern Africa, there were the Unsung individuals, Just ranchers and steers herders that existed for quite a while. Before long, in any case, a dry spell would strike, harming their horticulture. This caused the finish of the Unsung individuals. A military virtuoso and pioneer, Shake Zu lu would take control and make another human advancement, the Zulu individuals, who, contrasted with every single other clan In Southern Africa, was the most impressive and considerable, in light of its severe military bores and practice and they even utilized bull conceal shields. The Zulu warriors extended their realm, by assaulting numerous different clans andInvading them, taking their steers, kids and ladies. Portions of the Zulu, they split off creation their own military groups and they also did likewise as the Zulu. Before long, this made such a significant number of new realms going up right to Lake Victoria. As this expanded, so did the quantity of exiles and panicked, discouraged individuals from these To stop the Zulu clan's development and force, two realms shaped, Swaziland toward the north and Lesotho toward the east, which was comprised of numerous outcasts who went to those mountains there. Both Lesotho and Swaziland exist today.Shake effectively made a national cha racter and a country in only 10 years of rule. He took all the youngsters in the country and split them into deferent gatherings, called regiments, in light old enough. These individuals of the regiment lived with one another and they all observed Shake. And so forth. They commended his standard and they were all vigorously trained. Cow crowds were a proportion of riches in this realm. In the interim, in the Western Savannah of Africa, there was a major strict battle. Islam was common over yonder. Nonetheless, that was uniquely In the urban communities and exchange zones, ND not in the provincial areas.The rustic territories despite everything followed customary traditions. From the outset, Islam permitted individuals to blend their more seasoned convictions in with Islam. Presently notwithstanding, Psalmists began precluding this thought from claiming permitting them to have their traditions and needed them to follow unadulterated Islam. They made a â€Å"holy war†, called J ihad, which made Assaults take over numerous provincial and other new grounds where they implemented Islamic laws and spread the religion. These Islamic answers originally occurred in the Hausa states to northern Nigeria. An innovator in the Hausa states, Susann Dan Food, called a great deal of the lords there, unbelievers of religion or Islam and drove individuals from god.He drove a Jihad on the King of Gobi, toppling him. A great deal o f Muslims Joined to assemble to spread Islam and spread it all around Hausa. This Islam would meet up to make a caliph under the capital city of Sotto, called the Sotto Caliphate. The Sotto Caliphate turned into an inside for showing Islam and change. It included numerous new focuses, rapidly, to show Curtain and Islamic subjects to young men. Numerous individuals were pulled in to it as a result of the Sotto library, which was entirely enormous. Muslims ere permitted individuals to follow their own religion however needed to pay an uncommon tax.T hey were not permitted to do their ancestral moves and ceremonies and any who contradicted the spread of the Jihad were executed, slaved or changed over. The Sotto caliphate sent off huge amounts of slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave exchange, basically ladies and youngsters. Slaves predominantly cultivated, thus this permitted ladies to really leave the home this time. Sotto sent a great deal of slaves, however it likewise had a ton of slaves in itself as well. Truth be told, it had a greater number of slaves than some other American generally. Napoleon would come and battle in Egypt. This would rearward in Egypt as an incredible triumph for the Europeans and an extraordinary misfortune for the Egyptians.After Napoleon left Egypt from his misfortunes, Muhammad All took rule. Muhammad All took rule of Egypt. He modernized and industrialized Egypt, causing it to follow a great deal of the Western styles. He expanded exchange of Egypt. He carried a great deal of instruction to Egypti ans, and permitting them to supplant the old nobility. He supplanted all the European specialists and venders of items with Egyptians. Notwithstanding, one awful thing was, that he made a weight on the workers to give military and work administration. The military and Egypt was making its own materials, paper, weapons, military uniforms.Seeing this western development, numerous gatherings in Egypt, of Islam blended in with this Western Culture. For instance, European specialized manuals were meant Arabic. Little was the grandson of Muhammad All. He was more enthusiastic about westernizes than All. In any case, his endeavors, at long last, would Just make a lot of Egyptian obligation to French and British banks. From the outset, in his initial 10 years of rule, it was all acceptable with a great deal of riches because of expanded exchange, more fares, new water system chronicles, railways 800 miles, postal assistance and Cairo.However, after the American Civil War, sends out went dow n again and obligation would be one reason for French and British halfway control of Egypt. Ethiopia was Christian for 1 500 years. They also were attempting to modernize themselves. Ethiopians Emperor, Terrors II of Ethiopia was the person who previously began Westernizes and requested a ton of weapon buys from Europe and furthermore energized some nearby maturating. Once, they even made gun that could fire a half ton shell with the assistance of Protestant missionaries.However, they attempted to get some more weapons by holding British authorities prisoner and requesting for weapons, yet the British would wind up really attacking Ethiopia. Fear would end it all to forestall catch. At that point the British would pull back, and afterward King Haynes would take the honored position. Lord Haynes assumed control over a great deal of the lost place where there is Ethiopia, aside from one significant land part, Shoo Kingdom, governed by King Moonlike. The starting occasions of Rupee's s cramble for Africa were when France took over Algeria. Algeria initially was a significant provider of olive oil and grain to France.They even gave them grain to Napoleon to assume control over Egypt. Presently, France despite everything owed them for this and a few debates occurred. The new French government needed to show patriotism with a simple abroad triumph. Notwithstanding, the battle for Algeria would continue for a long time, significantly after French government would be toppled once more. Awful al-Qatar was an Algerian sacred man who drove them against France however he would kick the bucket, debilitating and almost finishing their multi year battle. Be that as it may, struggle in the mountains would occur for a long time. Pioneers would then come in and slaughter off 140,000 individuals.

The Most Ignored Fact Regarding Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Revealed

The Most Ignored Fact Regarding Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Revealed The decision to work in education wasn't random. By taking these classes, you get a superior grasp of the company side of a provider too. Being part of a superior educational institution can be rather costly. Nowadays it's very challenging to go into the university without having deep pockets. You do not need to fill numerous order forms, get a lot of passwords at nearly every step of order. How much you could earn while your paper work is being done by somebody, who knows the way to do it correctly! You simply have to pass a very simple procedure of authorization, click buy research papers, fill a simple purchase form and that's it! Simply think beyond the box and go from the ordinary. The Benefits of Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples The ending of your scholarship application essay has become the most significant part the piece. For instance, the author addresses the manner that American history classes do not normally address about the Vietnam War, despite the fact that it happened just a limited time ago. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. Writing a scholarship essay demands much time to set the words on paper and blend the sentences, to be able to convey the proper meaning. The Lost Secret of Postgradua te Scholarship Essay Samples Scholarship essay prompts are extremely tricky, so you need to read and re-read it multiple times to recognize key themes. Since it's a request, the letter ought to be written politely. On the interview day, you must carry all vital documents. Scholarships are provided by various government and non-government agencies. Without knowing appropriate essay making, your probability of going into a superior college are slim. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. They can be the conclusive factor into whether you get in the academy that you dream about. With our essay help you may be certain nobody shall get a better mark for the work than you. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capacity to spark the interests of your readers. Ielts essay topics task two zoology. The main reason why some scholarships need an essay component is because the sponsors desire to provide money to students that are serious about there academic career. Our friendly scholarship essay help support will answer all the questions that you have. Remember that all scholarship applications are different, and that means you might have to design your essay to satisfy those particular requirements. When you're tackling your scholarship application essay try to bear in mind that it's an important bit of writing that is worth more then merely a grade evaluation. Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples - Overview Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. Be sure to follow along with the suitable format, consisting of the general pieces of an essay. While scholarship essay format won't provide you any credentials, they ought to be able to direct you properly on how best to compose the appropriate essay. These forms of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. Scholarship essay isn't a paper at which you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. The scholarship essays can be found in heaps on the internet, but all of them might not be of the exact same quality. We have a vast array of talented freelance writers and you've got an opportunity to select the writer you prefer. If you purchase essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. Turning into a writer for our firm is quite challenging. You can be in contact with your writer in order for the procedure for collaboration is trouble-free and fun.

Disease Is A Severe Haemorrhagic Disease Affecting Ruminants

Bluetongue disease is a severe haemorrhagic disease affecting ruminants, mainly sheep, which is caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV). The Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) strain has the ability to transmit transplacentally in pregnant ruminants, a characteristic rarely reported in other serotypes. Prior to the emergence of BTV-8 in Europe in 2006, other serotypes of BTV have been present in Europe for more than ten years but there has been no evidence of transplacental transmission in these strains. The purpose of the journal article is to verify whether transplacental transmission is exclusive to BTV-8. The incidence and pathological effect of transplacental transmission of BTV-8 was compared to BTV-1. At approximately 70-75 days gestation, nine pregnant ewes were infected with BTV-8, another nine pregnant ewes were inouculated with BTV-1, and two other ewes acted as the untreated control. Field strains were used for preparation of both BTV strains. The strains were isolated on embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) before being passed twice on mammalian cells. The presence of BTV in the bloodstream was monitored by taking blood samples. 29 days after the inoculation, all the ewes were euthanized. Then, the ewes and foetuses were examined for signs of pathological changes and the presence of BTV. The results showed that BTV-8 was present in 12 foetuses (43%) from 5 ewes (56%). On the other hand, BTV-1 was found in 14 foetuses (82%) from 6 ewes (67%). Most of the pathological

Expanded Application of Gis/Gps - 778 Words

Expanded Application of GIS/GPS When I started my GEO 215 class I was quite unsure exactly what we would be talking about. First thing that came to mind was maps, then it was on different areas in the world, then how different cultures survive and adapt to different areas etc. So my mind began wondering down this Geography journey. So once I got the first assignment about the Expanded Application if GIS and GPS, I was stomped. So of course thats exactly where I started my research. First thing I looked up was what is GIS or Graphic Information Systems. A GIS combines visual data concerning information about shapes, sizes, and locations that can be analyzed (Wikipedia 2016). A GPS also known as global positioning system uses†¦show more content†¦While physical geography is more about the study of the characteristics of physical environment. These two subfields are related and have major effect on each other. Human survival relies on air, water, and food. When natural disaste rs occur it can gave an effect on alot things like so have influences on climate, air, water and food . Natural Disasters have the power to shift land, take lives and change climates. Sometimes these natural disasters dont happen where there is mass civilization or technology. This is where the GIS and GPS comes into play. The satellites that orbit world catch all these natural disasters and climate change and the send the data over to the GIS and GPS who informed that maybe a climate change is heading out way or whatever. I think the GIS and GPS are amazing tools that should be implemented in everyones life. Now most phones have a GPS but not a GIS. So I believe the till itself should be solar powered just in case a natural disaster happen that didnt allow us to use wifi or even electricity. That year happen in the post my area were all the electricity was down for a week. Nothing worked including cell phones. I am currently going to school to become a social worker. I know plenty ways that the GPS could come in handy as far as going to different meetings and what not. But during a time of natural disaster I think we should be trained on how to survive doing our job without electronics. IShow MoreRelated WAL-MART Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagescomputer system that updates the location status of the associated product. This procedure enables great efficiencies and cost reductions with respect to inventory management and control in a physical product environment, and also enables innovative applications in locating and tracking people and assets in a services environment. (Hagans, Andy, RFID Magazine) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This environment changed dramatically last June when Wal-Mart Stores announced that it would require its top 100Read MoreWhy Should We Use Gis? Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesWhy use GIS? Introduction The importance of location has been vital for people ever since the earliest civilisations; hunters and gatherers identified ideal locations for growing crops, later civilisations became territorial and selecting ideal settlement location based on a range of factors occurred. During the eighteenth century, European countries realised the importance of a nationwide, comprehensive mapping system of their land(Burrough et al., 2015). Alongside the advancement of technologyRead MoreSpatial Distribution of the Primary Health Care Facilities in Enugu State, Nigeria13204 Words   |  53 PagesSPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA (A GIS Approach  ) By Adewara Monsur Babalola thawben@gmail.com,monsurbabalola@yahoo.com Abstract The analytical capability of GIS has been explored in this work in an attempt to enhance the distribution of primary health care services in Enugu State Southeast Nigeria. With due consideration to the importance of health to the overall well being of every nation, the need for effective planning and management of theRead MorePast, Present Future Role of Computers in Fisheries13859 Words   |  56 Pagesseveral computers, each dedicated to a specific computational task such as large scale simulations. We feel that because of improvements in computational performance and advances in portability and miniaturization, the use of computers and computer applications to support fisheries and resource management activities is still rapidly expanding as well as the diversity of research areas in which they are applied. The important role computers play in contemporary fisheries research is unequivocal. The trendsRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesComputers Supercomputers 33 34 Key Types of Software 34 Applications Software 36 An Example of an Application Product Personal Productivity Software Support Software 37 38 41 The Operating System Language Translators 41 43 v vi Contents Third Generation Languages 43 Fourth Generation Languages Markup Languages 46 48 Object-Oriented Programming 49 Languages for Developing Web Applications Database Management Systems CASE Tools 51 52 54 Read MoreNucor8605 Words   |  35 Pagesemployment to the citizens. AJ. Steel is one of the most widely used metals in our modern world, building everything from our homes to skyscrapers, roads, and bridge. Its versatility, durability, and strength make it a popular choice for many different applications and it is also an affordable and environmentally-friendly option for contractors all over the world. The main reason steel products are used so often in so many different ways is their adaptability and durability. Steel is easily one of the mostRead MoreInformation Technology Implementation Issues: an Analysis45771 Words   |  184 Pagesbased systems can be â€Å"made to work effectively, economically, and in the end—deliver the expected benefits†.15 In this case the issues were those which surround the cost to benefit ratios of specific ITs and were usually earmarked for singular applications or projects. While these issues are certainly very important they are not the be-all end-all of IT implementation. The bottom line remains that if you are unsure of what you want to do, and why you are doing it, then it really doesn’t matter howRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Samsung Mobile17504 Words   |  71 Pagesstable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers. S-LCD is owned by Samsung and Sony 51% to 49% respectively and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung, South Korea. Considered a strong competitor by its rivals, Samsung Electronics expanded production dramatically to become the worlds largest manufacturer of DRAM chips, flash memory, optical storage drives and it aims to double sales and become the top manufacturer of 20 products globally by 2010. It is now one of the worlds leadingRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesvariety. There is a wonderful analogy to all this in the world of high technology. Behind the astounding proliferation of electronic systems, infiltrating our entertainment centers, our phones, our cares, and our kitchens, lies a technology called application-specific integrated circuits, or ASICs. These are tiny microprocessors that are producible in high volume up to the last layer, which is then designed by the customers to add the final veneer of personality needed for their specific product.Read MorePublic Fe Reference Handbook.Pdf46179 Words   |  185 Pagespersonnel protection equipment (PPE), carcinogens] D. Bioprocessing (e.g., fermentation, waste treatment, digestion) Engineering Economics A. Cost estimating B. Project selection C. Lease/buy/make D. Replacement analysis (e.g., optimal economic life) Application of Engineering Mechanics A. Stability analysis of beams, trusses, and frames B. Deï ¬â€šection analysis C. Failure theory (e.g., static and dynamic) D. Failure analysis (e.g., creep, fatigue, fracture, buckling) Engineering of Materials A. Material properties

Social Media Marketing On Brand Loyalty-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of using Social Networks in Business. Answer: Introduction Lin et al. (2014) depicts that social network resembles of a network that enhances the social interactions and personal relationships. In recent time, this interaction can be obtained from a dedicated website that allows different stakeholders to communicate with each other by sharing messages and information in form of both audio and visual (Chen 2013). This is known as social media marketing strategy that is adopted by marketers. The prime advantage from social networking is gaining valuable customer insights, effective brand awareness and loyalty, provision of rich customer experiences and real- time communication (Erdogmua and Cicek 2012). However, Alexander et al. (2016) argues that social networking consumes much time in navigating and managing the intricacies in every medium and accurate details regarding the products and services of the organization. This assessment illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business. The scope and objective of relevant journal articles were taken into consideration in order to carry out the comparative analysis of the selected articles. Moreover, the gap and conclusion drawn in each selected article will also be mentioned in this assessment. Discussion Social media and brand loyalty Erdogmus and Cicek (2012) mentioned that maintaining brand loyalty is the major concern of the marketers from conventional time to contemporary period. In order to accomplish the same, they use different medium through which effective brand loyalty can be attained and social media marketing one of the recent means for obtaining this objectives. In the article, The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty, Laroche et al. (2013) said that brand loyalty influenced by offering of relevant and popular content in social media, appearance on various platforms and offers on social media and this is the major objective of this research paper. Lin et al. (2014) also depicts that the advantage of social network is that they can channel into much larger channels that cannot be gained through traditional channels. Another factor that drives the customer loyalty is better communication with the organization as customers are likely to talk about, recommend or purchase a company's products after they have developed their engagement with the organization. The media that are mostly referred by the customers are Twitter and Facebook (Laroche et al. 2013). Marketers also emphasize more on making relationship and connection rather than focusing on selling products and services. The gap in this article is that this research paper is not based on any organization and random respondents are collected for data collection. Thus, business strategies taken by a company cannot be drawn properly. Apart from the brand loyalty, customer engagement and effective buyer-seller relationships can also be attained if implemented properly. In this research also it is said that close relationship can be built effectively that not only drives the sense of loyalty in the customers but it also allows the marketers to built buyer- seller relationships. Zhang et al. (2017) also mentioned that presence of customer service and support ensures the effectiveness of social media in business. Moreno-Munoz et al. (2016) also depicts that it allows business people to clear the queries of the customers that makes more people to engage with its organization. Zhang et al. (2017) on the other hand mentioned that in conventional time that is 1990- 2000, call centers were there on behalf of every organization, who answers to all the queries of the organization. In the year 2000- 2010, telephone, IVR, E-mail services, SMS are developed that ensures multi- media customer interactions, whereas, after 2010, social media has replaced the conventional contact centre channels with social networking (Moreno-Munoz et al. 2016). It is also mentioned that all the relevant details are present on the internet sources like companys website and in their social media sites and that ensures the transparency regarding the business policies and information. This helps the customers to gain trust and remain engaged with the organization. However, Moreno-Munoz et al. (2016) also argues that trust is important in gaining customers attraction but due to the presence of social media, the role integrity of sellers and customers started to blur. Chen (2013) furthermore highlight that marketers follow customer engagement cycle for ensuring their associability and social media marketing allows them to do so. This cycle comprise of seven components- connection, interaction, satisfaction, retention, commitment, advocacy and engagement. Image 1- Customer engagement cycle (Source- Fulk and Yuan 2013) Compared to the first article, this research shows that social network provide connection that allows them to find desired customers through internet. Marketers develop their websites information with products details in several platform that make customer to remain connected with them. The social networks channels are two types- customer community/forum and external social media sites (Sivertzen et al. 2013). The former channel signifies the companys website and the latter channel resembles the Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram and Pinterest. Van Iddekinge et al. (2016) explains that this enables the ability of the organization to listen to their customers first prior to make any concluding statement. Social media or networking provide accurate details of their business operations that leads to satisfaction. Van Iddekinge et al. (2016) on the other argue by stating that sometimes marketers lower the quality and quantity of the material shown in the websites. The prime reason for the same is that the products cannot be assessed physically and hence the quality cannot be assured during the order placement. The fifth and the sixth level of this cycle are commitment and advocacy that resembles long-term relationshipsand sharing their experiences regarding the products respectively. All these factors help organization to obtain customer engagement through social network. Social networking and business The research paper initially highlights the gap compared to other papers that not much research has been done in context of health- care sectors. The benefits of using social networking are- effective interactions with general public, more available and tailored information, accessibility to health information, public health surveillance, gaining peer and emotional support along with potentiality to influence health policy on others (Moorhead et al. 2013). Health- care managing authorities can also broadcast video and audio excerpts on social media so that every individual can easily understand the information given. These video can also contains conferences with health experts and instructions on treatment and medication for particular kind of health adversities (Moorhead et al. 2013). Thus, communication in real time at a very cost effective way is the rime benefits of using social networking in a business. Zhang et al. (2017) portrays that since social media allows people to comme nt and response regarding their experience to health issues. Individual can easily access the data from companys website and other medial blogs to compare and ask relevant question directly to the organizations doctors. However, in this research article, some limitations are found like- quality concerns that lack reliable and accurate information regarding the health information. Moreover, Moorhead et al. (2013) also highlight that the authors, who wrote the information regarding heath factors on social media are often unidentifiable and that results in lack of trust on online available information. In addition to that, operating medical business online is not a professional way of doing business as e-mail is not considered as an official medical record. Furthermore, there are several risks in operating business like- security breaches and disclosure of personal information and this result in poor customer trust and ineffective brand recognition (Hohenthal et al. 2014). The gap present in this research article is that it focuses on specific population groups- patients group and minority group. Moreover, only the secondary data is taken into consideration which highlight that recent data on using social media to perform business are not available that lacks in accuracy for obtaining the research result. It can be also said that compared to first article, this article focuses on a sector that is health- care sector and it also highlights the limitation of social media also that is absent in first research article. Global perspective of social network In this context, Jamali et al. (2016) mentioned that the importance of social media comes in picture after global business suffers from crisis. The article To Be or Not to Be in Social Media Arena as the Most Cost Efficient Marketing Strategy after the Global Recession highlights that marketers opts for an alternative solution after they have faced global recession in 2008 and after that it has become the most preferred marketing driver. After the U.S. firms faced crisis, marketers opts for social network for their business promotion as it is easy to target audience through internet facility. Jamali et al. (2016) also examined that benefits of social networking is also witnessed through new products positioning and formulation of unique product mix. Another advantage of social media is to create a brand via community of customers and it accelerates communication among the customers and marketers. The research also shows that majority of respondents stated that they refer social media sites to get information on a company and for passing the information to known acquaintances. Image 2- Response on most visited site to get information on a company and source through which they as the information (Source- Jamali et al. 2016) Schaupp and Belanger (2013) also mentioned that social networking also drives purchase intent of the customers. This medium is beneficial for the on-line group since this platform provides them cross- selling opportunities. However, the disadvantages in this perspective are that there is no direct communication between the marketers and customers (Belanger et al., 2014). Schaupp and Blanger (2013) argues that social marketing is a great innovation for content discovery and people also use this medium more as it is free and easy to use and access. Thus, considering all these factors that drives customers to get aware regarding an organizations initiatives, products and services details, social networking helps companies to attain more customer during recession and hence considered as a powerful survival tool. Compared to the second chosen article, the gap of the study is that only one incident is considered and that is global crisis, though it is a crucial event to consider but it offer lack of particular business or firms in this research discussion. The similarity between To Be or Not to Be in Social Media Arena as the Most Cost Efficient Marketing Strategy after the Global Recession and A New Dimension of Health Care: Systematic Review of the Uses, Benefits, and Limitations of Social Media for Health Communication is that both research uses secondary data for their research and that represent a similar gap that lacks authenticity of the recent scenario of using social media. Social media and recruitment Among all the business promotional ideas and concerned, in recent times, organization uses the concept of social media in recruiting efficient employee, selection of employees and termination. In the research article Friend or Foe? The Promise and Pitfalls of Using Social Networking Sites for HR Decisions, Alexander et al. (2016) explains that social network like- MySpace, Facebook, Linkedln, Twitter are the most used tools for taking HR decisions. The prime advantage of using social network in HRM is that suitable candidates can be easily. HR can screen candidates and select them for organization. Van Iddekinge et al. (2016) furthermore portrays that applicants searches for job easily without a broker or consultancy services and HR professionals also gather information about applicants and develop targeted interview questions. Another advantage that HR can get is to follow their employees posts and assess whether or not they are ethical as a human and germinate employees, who provid e negative and embarrassing comments (Van Iddekinge et al. 2016). Moreover, it is also mentioned in the research article that some social network are developed solely for recruitment purposes like LinkedIn that attracts more passive job seeker and y could be contacted for career opportunity by HR of other desired organization. The disadvantage that is highlighted in this research article is that online screening not always provides reliable, valid and job-relevant information (Hohenthal et al. 2014). Moreno-Munoz et al. (2016) furthermore stated that the accuracy and relevance of the people, who posts the recruitment advertisement, cannot be evaluated through social networks. Moreover, this research scholar identifies a limitation of social network and that is businesspeople have to assess e-commerce legislations as well as all the civil rights of all nations. Social network also suffered from other legal issue like- privacy rights of every profile and potential defamation of character (Fulk and Yuan 2013). Thus, the conclusion that is drawn from this research article is that alike to the implication of social networking in health care centre, not much research work is done in context of recruitment strategy using social media networking. The gap in this literature is that there no primary data are collect ed in this research that signifies that the research contain biasness. Moreover, only recruitment strategy in HR decision making is focused and thus in future other decision making like employee retention and engagement. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded that social networking not only provides transparency among the marketers and customers but it also allows easy access of the relevant details, effective communication and interaction with stakeholders. These are prime advantage of using social networking. All these factors moreover offer effective customer loyalty, engagement and brand recognition of the organization. However, the overall limitation in this literature review is that not much research work are in the field of health- care sector and HR decision making for recruitment through social media. In addition to that, maintaining civil rights, business legislations along with the social networking and e-commerce legations become too cumbersome for marketers. Following to this adversity, lack of physical communication among the customers is also absent that result in poor performance of the organization. Thus, after assessing different articles the research topic that can be proposed for future is- Impact of social media on HR decision making for recruitment in a health- care sector. Reference List Alexander, E. C., Mader, F., and Mader, D., 2016. College Students Use Social Networking Sites for Sharing with Friends, But Guess Who Else is Looking?.Atlantic Marketing Journal,5(2), 5. Blanger, C. H., Bali, S., and Longden, B., 2014. How Canadian universities use social media to brand themselves.Tertiary Education and Management,20(1), 14-29. Chen, R. (2013). Member use of social networking sitesan empirical examination.Decision Support Systems,54(3), 1219-1227. Erdogmus, I. E., and Cicek, M., 2012. The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, 1353-1360. Fulk, J., and Yuan, Y. C., 2013. Location, motivation, and social capitalization via enterprise social networking.Journal of Computer Mediated Communication,19(1), 20-37. Hohenthal, J., Johanson, J., and Johanson, M., 2014. Network knowledge and business-relationship value in the foreign market.International Business Review,23(1), 4-19. Jamali, R., Moshabaki, A., and Kordnaeij, A., 2016. The competitiveness of CSR communication strategy in social media.International Journal of Business Information Systems,21(1), 1-16. Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., and Richard, M. O., 2013. To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media?.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), 76-82. Lin, H., Fan, W., and Chau, P. Y., 2014. Determinants of users continuance of social networking sites: A self-regulation perspective.Information Management,51(5), 595-603. Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., and Hoving, C., 2013. A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication.Journal of medical Internet research,15(4), e85. Moreno-Munoz, A., Bellido-Outeirino, F. J., Siano, P., and Gomez-Nieto, M. A., 2016. Mobile social media for smart grids customer engagement: Emerging trends and challenges.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,53, 1611-1616. Schaupp, L. C., and Blanger, F., 2013. The value of social media for small businesses.Journal of Information Systems,28(1), 187-207. Sivertzen, A. M., Nilsen, E. R., and Olafsen, A. H., 2013. Employer branding: employer attractiveness and the use of social media.Journal of Product Brand Management,22(7), 473-483. Van Iddekinge, C. H., Lanivich, S. E., Roth, P. L., and Junco, E., 2016. Social media for selection? Validity and adverse impact potential of a Facebook-based assessment.Journal of Management,42(7), 1811-1835. Zhang, M., Guo, L., Hu, M., and Liu, W., 2017. Influence of customer engagement with company social networks on stickiness: Mediating effect of customer value creation.International Journal of Information Management,37(3), 229-240.

10 Metals and Minerals for Metaphors

10 Metals and Minerals for Metaphors 10 Metals and Minerals for Metaphors 10 Metals and Minerals for Metaphors By Mark Nichol Metals and minerals sometimes inspire associations with human characteristics or with circumstances, as in the case of the examples below: 1. Adamant Few people realize that this word, which in adjectival form means â€Å"insistent† or â€Å"unyielding,† has a lustrous origin: It comes from a Greek noun by way of Latin and originally referred to a diamond or any hard metal. In English, it also is a noun referring to the same materials or any similarly adamantine substances (yes, adamantine is a variant adjective). 2. Brassy From an association with the stridency of brass musical instruments, this adjective has come to refer not just to a quality of sound (as well as a description for the metal compound) but also to bold, clamorous, or unruly behavior. 3. Bronze The comparison of deeply tanned skin with the color of the metallic compound has resulted in the use of bronze to refer to a person with dark skin, either due to genetics or to extensive tanning, as in the reference to a physically imposing man with this hue as â€Å"a bronzed god.† 4. Flinty This term meaning â€Å"stern, unyielding† comes from the hard variety of quartz known as flint, which sparks when struck by steel and has therefore been used for millennia to start fires (though the â€Å"flint† in cigarette lighters is actually an iron alloy). The word skinflint, a synonym for miser, evokes the image of someone attempting to peel a layer off of a hunk of flint (a futile gesture because of its hardness). 5. Golden The value placed on the element gold has led to the use of the adjective golden for various figurative references. Among these, a golden musical tone is a mellow, resonant one; someone or something that is or is expected to be excellent, popular, or otherwise remarkable is marked, for instance, as a golden boy; an age or era might be described as golden; and a favorable occasion is often referred to as a golden opportunity. 6. Iron The word for this fundamental metallic element has been appropriated as an adjective denoting strength (â€Å"iron will†), robustness (â€Å"iron constitution†), relentlessness (â€Å"iron determination†), and firmness (â€Å"iron grip†). The rarely used noun form of these figurative senses is ironness. 7. Leaden Lead, because of its density and its dull color, is associated with literal (â€Å"leaden trudge†) and figurative (â€Å"leaden skies†) heaviness, as well as with dispirited or unsubtle characteristics. 8. Ossified This term literally denotes changing into bone and figuratively refers to becoming set in one’s ways. (Although bone is not strictly a mineral, it is largely composed of various minerals, hence its inclusion on the list.) 9. Silver The adjective form of the noun silver refers to soft or dulcet sounds (as of chimes), or to eloquent persuasion (â€Å"silver tongued†). Glossy gray hair is often referred to as silver, and that description leads to connotations of mature elegance (â€Å"silver-haired dignity†). 10. Steely This adjective referring to strength and hardness is best known as part of the clichà ©s â€Å"steely determination† and â€Å"steely resolve.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Acronym vs. InitialismAdverbs and Hyphens

Innovative Ways to Teach Math

Innovative Ways to Teach Math Believe it or not, math can be taught in some very innovative ways, and private schools are some of the top educational institutions pioneering new ways to master a traditional subject. A case study in this unique approach to teaching math can be found at one of the top boarding schools in the US, the Phillips Exeter Academy. Years ago, teachers at Exeter developed a series of math books containing problems, techniques, and strategies that are now being used at other private day and boarding schools. This technique has become known as Exeter Math.   The Process of Exeter Math What makes Exeter Math truly innovative, is that the traditional classes and course progression of Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Geometry, etc., is done away with in favor of students learning the skills and computations necessary to solve problems. Every homework assignment contains elements of each traditional math course, rather than separating them out into segmented annual learning.  The math courses at Exeter are centered on the math problems  written by the teachers. The entire course is different from traditional math classes in that it is problem-centered rather than topic-centered. For many, the traditional middle or high school math class generally presents a topic within the class time with the teacher and then asks students to complete lengthy assignments at home that consist of repetitive problem-solving exercises, intended to help students better master the procedures for homework. However, the process is altered in Exeters math classes, which involve little direct instruction drills. Instead, students are given a small number of word problems to complete each night independently. There is little direct instruction about how to complete the problems, but there is a glossary to help students, and the problems tend to build on each other. The students direct the learning process themselves. Each night, students work on the problems, doing the best they can, and log their work. In these problems, the learning  process  is just as important as the answer, and teachers want to see all of the students’ work, even if it is done on their calculators. What If a Student Struggles With Math? Teachers suggest that if students are stuck on a problem, they make an educated guess and then check their work. They do this by making up an easier problem with the same principle as the given problem. Since Exeter is a boarding school, students can visit their teachers, other students, or the math help center if they are stuck while doing their homework in their dorms at night. They are expected to carry out 50 minutes of concentrated work per night and to work persistently, even if the work is very difficult for them. The next day, students bring their work to class where they discuss it in a seminar-like style around a Harkness table, an oval-shaped table that was designed at Exeter and is used in most of their classes to facilitate conversation. The idea is not to just present the right answer but for each student to have a turn presenting his or her work to facilitate conversation, share methods, work out problems, communicate about ideas, and support other students. What Is the Purpose of the Exeter Method? While traditional math courses emphasize rote learning that does not connect to everyday issues, the purpose of the Exeter word problems is to help students really understand math by working out the equations and algorithms themselves rather than just being given them. They also come to understand the applications of the problems. While this process can be very difficult, particularly for students new to the program, students learn traditional math areas such as algebra, geometry, and others by working out the ideas themselves. As a result, they really understand them and how they relate to mathematical issues and problems they could encounter outside of the classroom. Many private schools across the country are adopting the Exeter math class materials and procedures, particularly for honors math class. Teachers at schools using Exeter math state that the program helps students own their work and take responsibility for learning it- rather than simply having it handed to them. Perhaps the most important aspect of Exeter math is that it teaches students that being stuck on a problem is acceptable. Instead, students realize that it’s all right not to know the answers right away and that discovery and even frustration are in fact essential to real learning. Updated by Stacy Jagodowski.

Essay Question Rewrite Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Essay Question Rewrite - Assignment Example As asserted by the author, it is for this reason that languages that rise out of pidgin do not suffer complications by â€Å"Dammit† moments (p 207). A8. As stated by the author, it is agreeable that communication would be much simpler if there were no evidentiary markers. Incidentally, humans’ need for expression and exchange leads to overgrowth of languages regardless of interests (p. 215). When their state is natural, acquisition of different languages is complicated by sludge and fluffs, specifically to those whose efforts are concerted towards overcoming these challenges. Communication between a huge group of different people can be made easier by simplifying languages to their lowest denominators. Better communication would bring better understanding and reduce hostility that commonly arises. It must, however, be noted that if these markers lacked in communication, it will be hard to distinguish the origins of different languages and what would remain after sometime would be the common elements. A10. As argued by McWholer in his book, the original context of a language is what sets a language’s tone and the tone cannot exist without it. Without the presence of tone infused words, originally languages still functioned. Presently it is by happenstances of accidental permutation that they occur. The importance of this argument is such that languages occur within a basic and defined set up that work with no superfluous structure variations. Such are foundational rules as they do not depend on tone or

Competition and Competition Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Competition and Competition Policy - Essay Example As the essay discusses Blue Beer plc is an important producer of beer in Newcastle. Statistics shown that Blue Beer plc accounts for some 12% of all beer sold in the United Kingdom but that its Bluelite plc is especially successful and accounts for 40% of all non-alcoholic beer consumed in the UK. Blue Beer has been negotiating with County Beers Ltd with a view to merger. County Beers is the principal other producer of non-alcoholic beers and after merger the new company, British County Blue, will control 65% of the market in non-alcoholic bee. According to the paper findings the overall policy of the European Union of competitive practices is as follows – â€Å"In a free market, business is a competitive game. Sometimes, companies may be tempted to avoid competing with each other and try to set their own rules for the game. At times, a major player in the game may try to squeeze its competitors out of the market. The European Commission acts as the referee to ensure that all companies play by the same rules. This discussion stresses that markets started being highly competitive and this forced businesses to pursue ways and means to survive and grow. Price cutting, mergers and acquisitions, and formation of cartels began to be accepted as a way to keep away competition. Monopolies or monopolistic tendencies began to be seen in the market creating unfair competition for smaller players.

Comparing Physiology Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Comparing Physiology Worksheet Essay In this assignment you describe and compare the circulatory, skeletal, and respiratory systems of sharks, iguanas, eagles, and humans. Answer each of the following questions in 25 to 50 words. Circulatory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s  circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? What is similar in all of these circulatory systems? What is different in all of these circulatory systems? Respiratory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? What is similar in all of these respiratory systems? What is different in all of these respiratory systems? Skeletal System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? What is similar in all of these skeletal systems? What is different in all of these skeletal systems?

Comparing and Contrasting the Novel, Heart of Darkness :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparisons and Contrasts in Heart of Darkness Comparisons and contrasts are important devices which an author may use to help convey his thoughts and feelings about a situation or an event. Joseph Conrad makes use of these devices in his novel Heart of Darkness. Throughout the novel when he was trying to convey a deeper meaning about a situation or a place, he would us a comparison or contrast. The comparative and contrasting themes in the story help to develop Conrad's ideas and feelings in the Heart of Darkness. Light verses dark, the Thames verses the Congo, the Savages compared to the civilized people, and the darkness of both worlds are all contrasts and comparisons that are important to the meaning as well as the understanding of this novel. The most obvious contrast found in Heart of Darkness is between that of light and dark. In the beginning of the novel when the sun set upon London, the city began to light up yet the narrator describes the light as a "lurid glare under the stars" (Conrad 6). The lights from the city illuminated the Thames River. Because London is described as being light, the light then symbolizes civilization, or at least Conrad's view of civilization. Conrad's view of civilization is one of great despise. Civilization is a place where evil is ever present but ignored and people believe they know everything. The light is the knowledge that we have gained through exploration and the civilizing of places that have not yet been civilized. In contrast there is the darkness. Represented in the novel by Africa and the Congo River, the darkness is the evil that lurks in the unknown. The darkness is full of savages and cannibals. It is the uncivilized and uninhabited part of the world where peop le eat people and the savages lurk in the trees and in the darkness. Africa is the "heart of darkness," the place where man's inner evil is brought out in the open and is displayed through their thoughts and actions, such as those on Marlow's boat, letting the bullets fly into the jungle without reason or need. The contrast between light and dark is very important when attempting to understand Conrad's thoughts and ideas about civilization and what it really is. Comparing and Contrasting the Novel, Heart of Darkness :: comparison compare contrast essays Comparisons and Contrasts in Heart of Darkness Comparisons and contrasts are important devices which an author may use to help convey his thoughts and feelings about a situation or an event. Joseph Conrad makes use of these devices in his novel Heart of Darkness. Throughout the novel when he was trying to convey a deeper meaning about a situation or a place, he would us a comparison or contrast. The comparative and contrasting themes in the story help to develop Conrad's ideas and feelings in the Heart of Darkness. Light verses dark, the Thames verses the Congo, the Savages compared to the civilized people, and the darkness of both worlds are all contrasts and comparisons that are important to the meaning as well as the understanding of this novel. The most obvious contrast found in Heart of Darkness is between that of light and dark. In the beginning of the novel when the sun set upon London, the city began to light up yet the narrator describes the light as a "lurid glare under the stars" (Conrad 6). The lights from the city illuminated the Thames River. Because London is described as being light, the light then symbolizes civilization, or at least Conrad's view of civilization. Conrad's view of civilization is one of great despise. Civilization is a place where evil is ever present but ignored and people believe they know everything. The light is the knowledge that we have gained through exploration and the civilizing of places that have not yet been civilized. In contrast there is the darkness. Represented in the novel by Africa and the Congo River, the darkness is the evil that lurks in the unknown. The darkness is full of savages and cannibals. It is the uncivilized and uninhabited part of the world where peop le eat people and the savages lurk in the trees and in the darkness. Africa is the "heart of darkness," the place where man's inner evil is brought out in the open and is displayed through their thoughts and actions, such as those on Marlow's boat, letting the bullets fly into the jungle without reason or need. The contrast between light and dark is very important when attempting to understand Conrad's thoughts and ideas about civilization and what it really is.

National Livestock Development Policy

NATIONAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT POLICY 1. Introduction Livestock plays an important role in the national economy of Bangladesh with a direct contribution of 2. 95% percent to the agricultural GDP (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2006) and providing 15 percent of total employment in the economy. The livestock sub-sector that includes poultry offers important employment and livelihood opportunities particularly for the rural poor, including the functionally landless, many of whom regard livestock as a main livelihood option.About 75 percent people rely on livestock to some extent for their livelihood, which clearly indicates that the poverty reduction potential of the livestock sub-sector is high. According to Bangladesh Economic Review, (2006), the growth rate in GDP in 2004-05 for livestock was the highest of any sub-sector at 7. 23%, compared to 0. 15% for crops, and 3. 65% for fisheries sub-sector. These changes have been prompted by a rapid growth in demand for livestock products due t o increase in income, rising population, and urban growth.It is an established fact that high quality animal protein in the form of milk, meat and eggs is extremely important for the proper physical and mental growth of a human being. In Bangladesh, around 8% of total protein for human consumption comes from livestock (BBS, 2000). Hides and skin of cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep is a valuable export item, ranked third in earnings after RMG and shrimp. Surprisingly, Bangladesh has one of the highest cattle densities: 145 large ruminants/km2 compared with 90 for India, 30 for Ethiopia, and 20 for Brazil. But most of them trace their origin to a poor genetic base.The average weight of local cattle ranges from 125 to 150 kg for cows and from 200 to 250 kg for bulls that falls 25-35% short of the average weight of all-purpose cattle in India (â€Å"Agriculture for 21st Century in Bangladesh† by Z. Karim, 1997). Milk yields are extremely low: 200-250 litre during a 10-month lac tation period in contrast to 800 litre for Pakistan, 500 litre for India, and 700 litre for all Asia. Despite highest cattle densities in Bangladesh, the current production of milk, meat and eggs are inadequate to meet the current requirement and the deficits are 85. , 77. 4 and 73. 1% respectively (DLS, 2000). If 5% GDP growth rate is considered then the current production of these commodities need to be increased 2. 5 to 3. 0 times by the year 2020 to feed the growing population in the country. This illustrates how urgent is the need to increase the production of milk, meat and eggs. The PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) stresses the importance of the livestock sub-sector in sustaining the acceleration of poverty reduction in the country. The dynamic potential of this emerging sub-sector thus requires critical policy attention.In the past, due importance was not given to the development of the livestock sub-sector despite its significant contribution to the national economy. In the Financial Year 2006-07 the livestock sub-sector received only about 1. 0 percent of the total budget allocation, or only about 3. 5 percent of the agricultural sector budget. Though production of animal protein has maintained an upward trend, daily per capita availability of animal protein presently stands at around 21 gm meat, 43 ml milk and 41 eggs vis-a-vis the recommended intakes of 120 gm meat, 250 ml milk and 104 eggs.Shortage of quality inputs, inadequate services and physical infrastructure, institutional weaknesses in terms of weak regulatory framework and enforcement, limited skilled manpower and resources, and inadequate research and technological advancement are all continuing to act as constraints to livestock development. The growth opportunities in the livestock sub-sector vary significantly among the species.Qualitative rather than quantitative development of large ruminants (cattle and buffalo), a parallel increase of the productivity and population size of the small ruminants (goat and sheep), and poultry keeping emerges as promising to offer substantial growth potentials with a positive impact on nutrition, employment and poverty alleviation. Research and technological development merit priority to counteract allied problems in the fields of feed, breed and disease and meet the challenge of the country’s livestock sector in the 21st century National Livestock Development Policy has been prepared to address the key hallenges and opportunity for a comprehensive sustainable development of the Livestock sub-sector through creating an enabling policy framework. 2. Objectives of the National Livestock Development Policy The general objective of the National Livestock Development Policy: To provide the enabling environment, opening up opportunities, and reducing risks and vulnerability for harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for reduction of rural poverty in which the private sector wil l remain the main actor, while the public sector will playa facilitating and supportive role.The specific objectives of the National Livestock Development Policy: 1. To promote sustainable improvements in productivity of milk, meat and egg production including processing and value addition; 2. To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the landless, small and marginal farmers; and 3. To facilitate increased private sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock services, market development and export of livestock products and by-products. 3. Legal Status of the National Livestock Development PolicyAll the government and autonomous organizations, multi-national institutions, NGOs, CBOs (community based organizations), and persons who are working within the geographical territory of Bangladesh for the management, development and conservation of Livestock resources, import-export or other business related to the livestock sub-sec tor will be under the preview of National livestock Development Policy. 4. Scope of the National Livestock Development Policy The following ten critical areas have been identified for formulating the National livestock Development policy: i.Dairy Development and Meat Production: ii. Poultry Development; iii. Veterinary Services and Animal Health; iv. Feeds and Animal Management; v. Breeds Development; vi. Hides and Skins; vii. Marketing of Livestock Products; viii. International Trade Management ix. Access to Credit and Insurance; and x. Institutional Development for Research and Extension The key policy issues for each of these critical areas are outlined in the following section: 4. 1Dairy Development and Meat Production Dairy Development The opportunity for development of large-scale dairy is limited in Bangladesh due to scarcity of land.However, the potential for development of smallholder dairy is high. Over the last few years, small-scale dairy farming has increased significan tly with the support of credit, feed, veterinary services and provision of self-insurance systems. Small-scale dairy farming provides employment for the poorer segments of the population. The availability of this form of traditional self-employment to rural dwellers, not least women, is important where there is scarcity of alternative income generating opportunities. Smallholder dairy thus widens the scope for the poor with limited access to land to enhance their income.Dairy animals can playa crucial role in household food security, through improved income and nutritional of the low-income groups. Daily farming in Bangladesh is affected by myriads of constraints such as: (i) limited knowledge and technical skills of smallholder dairy farmers; (ii) scarcity of feeds and fodder; (iii) poor quality of feeds; (iv) frequent occurrence of diseases; (v) limited coverage of veterinary services including poor diagnostic facilities; (vi) lack of credit support; (vii) limited milk collection and processing facilities and low prices at collection points; (viii) lack of insurance coverage; (ix) absence of market nformation; (x) lack of appropriate breeds; and (xi) absence of a regulatory body. Policy framework for dairy development is: 1. Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country; 2. Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated; 3. Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted; 4. Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted; . A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development; 6. â€Å"National Dairy Research Institute† would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Meat Production Around 3. 5 million cattle are slaughtered annually i n the country of which 40 percent are imported through cross-border trade. Around 15 million goats are slaughtered annually mostly of local origin. Of the total slaughter of cattle and goats, around 40 percent is performed during Eid-ul-Azha.Increased demand for quality meat, beef fattening has become an important income generating activity for small fanners, and a potentially important tool for reducing poverty. Beef fattening is considered to have high income generating potential, but faces constraints such as lack of appropriate breeds, knowledge gaps of farmers, lack of proper veterinary services and quality feeds. Most meat is handled under unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in both rural and urban areas. Enforcement of legislation relating to slaughtering or meat inspection is weak.There is generally poor pre-slaughter conditions, sanitation, removal of waste materials, and disposal of offal. The Black Bengal goat is a highly prolific local breed, resistant to many diseases an d can be easily raised under most environments on low quality feed and with little investments. Rearing of Black Bengal goat is an appropriate option for many subsistence farmers. Its demand is growing in both domestic meat markets and internationally for its skins and high quality leather goods.Policy framework for meat production: 1. Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat; 2. Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques; 3. Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level; 4. Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises; 5.Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities; and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters; 6. Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects; 7. Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. 4. Poultry Development The backyard poultry units require minimum inputs and are often part of integrated crop- aquaculture-livestock farming systems. Their level of production is relatively low but profitability can be high due to low inputs costs and recycling of on-farm by-products. Commercial production systems use birds of improved genetic stock and reared under semi- intensive or intensive management. There are currently an estimated 120,000 commercial poultry farms in Bangladesh, supported by 04 Grand Parent Farms and 69 Parent Stock Farms.While the growth of the poultry industry has contributed to economic growth and inco me of commercial farmers, indiscriminate and unplanned growth of breeder farms and commercial poultry farms, particularly in and around cities and towns is creating environmental hazards. There are at present no guidelines for environmental protection and bio-security when establishing poultry farms. The use of antibiotics in feeds is thought to be common and a cause of public health concern.The constraints facing the sector in general include: (i) lack of infrastructure beyond the Upazila Head Quarters for providing services to poultry farmers; (ii) shortage of skilled manpower; (iii) shortage of quality chicks and breeding materials; (iv) shortage of poultry , feed/feed ingredients and high prices; (v) poor quality of inputs; (vi) lack of quality control facilities for medicine, vaccines and biological products, feed and feed ingredients, chicks, eggs and birds; (vii) drug and vaccine residues in poultry meat; (viii) shortage of vaccines; (ix) lack of organized marketing systems; (x) poor provision of veterinary services; and (xi) insufficient credit and capital especially for the poor. The possible threat of Avian Influenza exacerbates some of these concerns and shortcomings and would require additional measures to be taken. Policy framework or Poultry Development: 1. Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development; 2. Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers associations would be facilitated; 3. Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations; 4.Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted; 5. Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks; 6. Specific guidelines would be developed and enforced for establishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms; Small commercial farms would be converted into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. 7. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and demonstration etc 8. Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g.Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted; 9. National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established; and 10. National Avian Flu Preparedness Plan would be implemented. 4. 3Veterinary Services and Animal Health Inadequate veterinary services are one of the major obstacles for livestock development in Bangladesh. The ratio of Veterinary Surgeons to farm animals and birds was estimated at I: 1. 7 million in 1995, and according to a 2003 estimate only 5-10 percent of farm animals receive routine vaccination. Private sector investment in the animal health sector remains low and is only expanding slowly .The quality and quantity of vaccines produced and delivered by the DLS are inadequate. The use of subsidies in vaccine production in present form is a possible deterrent to private investors. There is no. Independent authority to check the quality of domestically produced or imported vaccines. Vaccination is done in a haphazard manner without any strategic plan for controlling the targeted diseases. There are no provisions for movement control and quarantine during disease outbreak or epidemics. No registration is required for feed additives such as toxins binder, antibiotics, and vitamin- mineral premixes, animal protein, many of which are potentially detrimental to human health.Most of the drugs traders and shop keepers have no formal training on drug handling, transportation, storing and dispensing, and readily sell drugs such as antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives across the counter without prescription. Disease diagnostic facilities are limited. The DVH (District Veterinary H ospitals), Regional FDIL (Field Diseases Investigation Laboratories), and the CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory of DLS are responsible for providing diagnostic services. However, due to shortage of skilled manpower and non-availability of funds they cannot provide the intended services. There IS no provision for residue analysis of drugs, heavy metals, hormones, pesticides and toxins in foods of animal origin.There are only few local veterinarians trained in clinical pathology to diagnose diseases properly. The disease surveillance system is almost non-existent. ‘The Veterinary Public Health Unit in the DLS has the mandate to perform diagnosis, surveillance and control of zoonotic diseases, ensure food safety of animal origin, and liaison with the Health Department. The Unit is however, suffering from serious shortages of human capital, funding and laboratory facilities. It has no legal framework to implement its mandate. Coordination between animal and human heal th bodies is virtually non-existent. Veterinary research is similarly constrained due to shortages of staff and funds.Very limited fund is available for veterinary research. There are important areas of public goods services like veterinary epidemiology, veterinary public health, food safety and diagnostic techniques within which research needs to be expanded urgently. The Animal Quarantine Act was recently passed by the Parliament, but quarantine stations, manpower and funds to enforce the Act are not in place yet. Laws and Regulations are essential for high quality service delivery and quality assurance of products for trade. Some laws and regulations are in place but overall regulatory framework and implementation remain very weak. Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health: 1.Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services; 2. Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects; 3. An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials; 4. A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced; 5. Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services; 6. Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established; 7.Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases; 8. Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases; 9. Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services; 10. â€Å"National Liv estock Health Disaster Committee† would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis; 11. A separate â€Å"Veterinary Cell† would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. 12.Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. 4. 4Feeds and Animal Management The acute shol1age of feeds and fodder is one of the single most impOJ1ant obstacles to livestock development in Bangladesh. The main constraints for feeds and feed management include: (i) shortage of feeds and fodder; (ii) scarcity of land for fodder production; (iii) seasonal fluctuations of feeds and fodder; (iv) low quality feed; (v) high feed p rices; and (vi) poor husbandry practices. Feed resources for large livestock are primarily derived from crop residues and cereal by- products as well as grasses, tree leaves and aquatic plants.Very little grain is available for animals. Feed concentrates contribute only a small portion of the feed. Feed resources for scavenging rural poultry comprise scattered grains from threshing floors, left over grains, pulses, broken rice, kitchen wastes, green grasses, insects, worms, left over boiled rice, etc. Because of increasing demand for human food land is intensively used for cereal production. Neither sufficient grazing land, nor spare land is available for growing fodder. This has resulted in shortages of quality forage for ruminant livestock, causing stunted growth, reproduction problems, reduced lactation, working inability, lower growth rates, and reduced productivity.Most of the dairy and poultry farmers are facing the problem of adulterated and inferior quality of commercial fee ds and feed ingredients. Feed labeling and control is inadequate. Most feed millers do not disclose the necessary information on the packaging with regards to feed composition, ingredients, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, storage guidelines, energy levels, and protein and vitamin contents. Feed millers are widely suspected of minimizing feed production costs either by use of inferior quality ingredients and/or inclusion of lower proportions of high value ingredients. Poor packaging materials contribute to reduced quality and shelf life. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management: 1.Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops; 2. Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed; 3. An Animal Fe ed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality; and 4. Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. 5. Organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector; . Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives; 7. Human resource development. 4. 5Breeds Development Livestock development through the application of science-led methods of breeds and breeding in Bangladesh is still at a rudimentary stage. There is however enthusiasm for applying breeds and breeding interventions to enhance livestock performance. Lack of a national breeding policy, use of inappropriate breeds, weak infrastructure (human capacity, national service delivery, breeding farms), and limited technical knowledge has constrained the development of improved breeds.Available high yielding seed materials (in cattle and chicken industry) are mostly exotic and imported. However, not all of these imported exotic species adapt well under Bangladesh climatic conditions. There are a number of promising well-adapted native livestock breeds in the country (e. g. Red Chittagong cattle, Black Bengal goat, Bengal sheep, Naked Neck chicken etc), which could be developed into high yielding breeds through cross breeding in a systematic manner. Importation of inappropriate genetic material coupled with indiscriminate crossbreeding and a clear neglect of indigenous breeds has created a situation, where a number of native breeds of livestock are under threat of extinction.Unplanned and sporadic attempts that were made for breed improvement of various species failed, because the initiatives were not based on thorough breed/ genotype testing results and not based on well-thought out and sound breeding goals, breeding criteria, animal recording systems, animal evaluation procedures, and anim al selection and mating plans. Breeds and breeding program inherently requires heavy initial investments and regular and timely flow of resources. Sustained funding support for breeding work has not been forthcoming. As a result, the limited expertise available in this field remains underutilized. There is no regulatory body or national Breeding Act to regulate breed imports, prices of breeding materials, merits and quality of breeds, breeding materials and breeding services. Within the existing cattle breeding services (including artificial insemination), farmers have little or no idea of the merit and quality of the semen being provided for insemination.The same is true for other species such as goats and buffaloes, and applies also to imported germplasm (live animals, semen, embryos, etc). Policy framework for Breeds Development: 1. A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved; 2. Conservation and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallhol ders in the pertinent locality would be developed; 3. A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed; 4. Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country; 5. Breeders Association’ would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. 4. 6Hides and Skins Leather including crust as well as finished leather and leather goods is an important export earner contributing about 6 to 7 percent of total export earnings. A large proportion of leather materials are however downgraded and rejected due to poor quality. Leather defects are reported to be responsible for a more than 50 percent cut in the value of leather. Cattle and goats are the major skin and hide producing species followed by buffalo and sheep. Most slaughtering takes place with inadequate facil ities for electricity, water, and sewerage.There are an estimated 192 improvised slaughter houses at district level, 1215 at Upazila level and more than 3,000 slaughtering points in hats and bazaars as well as by road sides of cities and towns. Hides are in most cases removed by unskilled persons using inappropriate tools, giving rise to irregular shapes and flay cuts. Defects in goat and sheep skins have been significantly reduced in recent years with the introduction of hang and pull systems of flaying. Besides hides and skins, the slaughtering of animals generates potentially valuable by- products including blood, bones, hoofs, rumen and visceral contents, hairs, etc. Only a part of certain by-products, generated mainly in organized slaughter houses, are collected and processed by cottage level factories.Most of these by-products are discarded and thrown away, resulting in large economic losses and environmental pollution. Tannery operations are further impacting negatively on th e environment. Financing is a major problem, particularly the primary market intermediaries like farias and beparis suffer due to lack of adequate working capital and inadequate access to finance. The shortage of capital reduces the purchasing capacity of intermediaries and consequently, a large quantity of hides and skins are pilfered in the neighbouring country, especially during Eid-ul-Azha. Ful1hennore, prices drop during Eid-ul-Azha, when large quantities of hides and skins are produced.The low prices in turn provide little incentive for proper flaying, handling and preservation. Policy framework for Hides and Skins: 1. Butchers and merchants (Farias, Beparis and Aratdars) would be trained on basic knowledge of flaying, curing and storing for improved management and quality of hides and skins; 2. An autonomous agency would be established for quality control and cet1ification of hides and skins; 3. Environmental legislation on slaughter and tannery operations would be framed and enforced; 4. Private sector would be encouraged to establish small to medium scale industries to utilize slaughter and tannery by-products for producing high quality feed supplement for animal feeds; and 5.Access to micro-finance and banking facilities would be improved for intermediaries. 4. 7Marketing of Livestock Products Milk: There is no systematic marketing network and market information system for milk and milk products to support smallholder dairy farmers in the rural areas. Farmers sell milk either in the local market or to goal as (traditional milk collectors) who continue to render useful services to the rural community, and sometimes work as supplying agents to private firms. Commercial marketing of milk started in the late 1970s by Milk Vita. Milk Vita has established milk-processing plants in various places and collects milk from its cooperatives members.BRAC, Pran and CLDDP (Community Livestock and Dairy Development Project) have also recently installed milk processi ng, and a small number of other private farms are dealing with pasteurized milk. These enterprises however, only cover a part of the country. Most small-scale dairy farmers in rural areas sell their milk in local markets at around a third to half of the price at which milk is sold in the cities. Low prices and price fluctuations are found to be important constraints to increased production and higher income of milk producers. Milk production costs are largely determined by feed prices (wheat and rice bran), which are increasing, in some cases rapidly. Meat: There is a high demand for meat in the local markets. In the past, the beef price was relatively low due the ready supply of cattle from neighbouring country.The supply has recently been restricted and as a result meat prices have increased sharply. Constraints to long-term development of the beef industry include lack of improved breeds, low meat quality, and limited access to credit and insurance amongst smallholders. Eggs: The egg marketing system can be characterized as oligopolistic, under control of the Aratdars who extend credit to the poultry farmers who in turn are obliged to sell through the Aratdars for loan repayment. The price of eggs in large city markets is usually not known to the rural poultry farmers The time and distance from collection to marketing is often long with traditional means of transportation. Spoilage and broken eggs are commonPolicy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products: 1. Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations; 2. Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved; 3. Farmer's information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support; 4. An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular b roadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products; 5.Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing; 6. Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers; 7. Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. 4. 8International Trade Management In order to derive the full benefits of globalization and trade liberalization, Bangladesh must further develop its export products to satisfy product standard requirements of importing countries and obtain up-to-date information from different markets. Bangladesh is signatory of the WTO (World Trade Organization) Agreement on Agriculture (AOA).The AOA provides a framework for the long-term reforms of agriculture trade and domestic policies to move forwards market orientation in agricultural trade. The obligations an d disciplines incorporated in the AOA relate to four aspects, viz, i) agreement on market access; ii) agreement on domestic support; iii) agreement on export competition/subsidy; and iv) agreement on SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) measures. Bangladesh is not fully able to meet the recommended safety and quality standards for livestock products consistent with the SPS guidelines as regulated by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission.The main problem stem from: (i) inadequate veterinary services; (ii) lack of skilled human resources; (iii) lack of diagnostic facilities; (iv) lack of financial support; (v) lack of disease surveillance and monitoring of animal health; (vi) lack of updated food legislation; and (vii) need for an improved national food export inspection and certification program. Incidences of TADs (trans-boundary animal diseases), such as foot and mouth disease, are preventing Bangladesh from entering potential markets for live stock products. As the problem of TADs is being addressed on a larger scale, regional initiatives are becoming important and Bangladesh will seek the opportunity to enter into regional agreements to control TAOs.This will necessitate significant changes in the veterinary service system, particularly within diagnostic services and veterinary public health. Most export-oriented enterprises are small and medium size, with limited capacity to undertake market research, invest in technologies, and collect, store, and process trade information. Other important challenges relate to meeting labour and environmental standards, improving design and packaging, and accessing and using up-to-date information on consumer preferences and trends in global markets. Many enterprises have neither the in-house capacity to gather the necessary trade-related information nor the networks to access such information. Policy framework for International Trade Management: 1.Focal points would be set up in the OLS and the MoFL (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock) to deal with the international and regional trade agreements and ensure implementation of notifications and obligations; 2. Training would be provided to the officials in the OLS, MoFL and livestock related industries to enable them to fully appreciate and deal effectively with international and regional trade agreements; 3. Requirements of trade related technical assistance for the DLS, MoFL and private exporters would be assessed and required assistance would be provided; 4. The capacity of DLS would be developed through institutional reform to address SPS and HACCP requirements; 5. An Internet-based communication system would be established to facilitate international market networking for livestock products; 6.MIS (management information systems) would be established in the OLS and MoFL for international trade management of livestock products; and 7. Private sector people would be included with all activities of internationa l trade management. 4. 9Access to Credit and Insurance Credit The effective coverage of micro credit programs in Bangladesh was around II million households in 2002 of which around 80% were below poverty line. It is estimated that less than a fifth of the total micro credit disbursed by NGOs till June 200 I, was given to the livestock sub-sector mostly to poor women in rural areas. Financing of agricultural and other rural economic activities have not in the past attracted adequate interest of banks and institutional lenders.As recently as 2003 livestock attracted less than 5% of the total credit disbursed in the agricultural sector by state-owned lending institutions, although the trend in recent years has been sharply upwards. The livestock development has accelerated the demand for concentrate feeds, drugs, vaccines, and veterinary services. These trends are expected to continue in the coming years with resultant increases in demand for credit support. Expansion of livestock oper ations among poor smallholders and commercial livestock producers, as well as input suppliers (feed mills, drug producers, etc. ) and processors of livestock products is thus expected to increase the demand tor finance throughout the sub-sector, and will be needed to help facilitate continued horizontal and vertical integration.The following constraints and challenges in particular characterize the micro-credit sector: (i) insufficient funds; (ii) inappropriately packaged loans for production cycles of livestock; (iii) red tape and collateral requirements effectively reducing credit access for smallholders, notably the poor; (iv) inadequate loan supervision; (v) insufficient training in financial management and business planning (applies to both loan providers and takers); (vi) inadequate technical support; (vi) inappropriate interest rate policies and practices; (vii) conflicts of interest within NGOs providing both technical and credit support often to the detriment of the former; (viii) smallholder vulnerability and risk from natural and man-made disasters; and (ix) better servicing of the hard-core poor. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Credit: 1.Formation of CBOs (Community Based Organisations) linking them with DLS, NGOs, commercial banks, and insurance companies would be encouraged for delivery of appropriate livestock credit packages to the doorstep of small scale livestock farmers including poor women; 2. A Livestock Credit Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank for distribution of subsidized credit to small scale livestock farmers through CBOs; 3. Micro-finance packages better tailored to the production cycles of various livestock species would be promoted; 4. Micro-finance packages targeted towards and appropriate for the hard-core poor including women would be promoted; 5. Training would be provided to smallholder groups in livestock-related business planning and financial management; 6. Monitoring and supervision of micro financ e institutions would be enhanced for adherence to international best practice; and 7.Provision of micro-finance services from technical services would be separated where necessary for clearer regulation. Insurance Livestock production is subject to the risks of animal disease, accident, and death. The result is often a serious decline in farm income and consequent failure on the pa11 of especially poorer farmers to maintain their livelihoods. Livestock insurance can: i) provide protection against loss of livestock from accident or disease, stabilizing income; ii) raise credit worthiness; iii) contribute to a reduction in the incidences of animal death and accident by requiring certification of a minimum standard of animal husbandry practices; and iv) encourage development of cattle breeding and dairy industries.Out of 62 insurance companies in Bangladesh, 60 are private companies of which none are involved in livestock insurance. Only a state owned insurance company, SBC (Sadharan B ima Corporation) has since 1980 been providing livestock insurance. It covers only projects financed by BKB (Bangladesh Krishi Bank) and other nationalized Commercial Banks. SBC insured 7. 567 dairy animals between 1981 and 2003, indicating only very negligible insurance coverage for livestock. No modifications of the SBC insurance program have been made since 1985 to address the changing scenarios in the dairy and poultry industries. There are at present none or only very few private sector companies with the skills or funds to initiate livestock insurance.There are no collaborative arrangements between insurance companies and public sector organizations to assist the companies in setting up insurance schemes. Milk Vita and CLDDP have developed a self-insurance scheme for their cooperative members and farmer groups/associations, which appears to be working well, Smallholders may not, however yet fully recognize and appreciate the implications and potential benefits of livestock ins urance. Experience suggests that some level of subsidy for smallholder livestock enterprises may be necessary, at least during the initial period. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Livestock Insurance: 1. In consultation with insurance companies, CBOs and NGOs and other stakeholders, a strategy for expansion of livestock insurance coverage would be developed; 2.A Livestock Insurance Development Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank, 3. Self-insurance systems for poor smallholders including women through community-based livestock development programmes would be promoted; 4. A national database on livestock mortality, disease incidence and productivity of livestock would be developed and maintained at the DLS; 5. Awareness among smallholders on the benefits of livestock insurance schemes would be raised; and 6. Successful experiences of insurance models of other countries in the region would be studied and emulated. 4. 10Institutional Development for Research and Ex tension Livestock ResearchTo carry out livestock research in the public sector BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute) was established under a Presidential Ordinance in 1984 as a semi-autonomous body. It is organized into eight research divisions and an administrative division, called the support service division. The research divisions are: (i) Animal Production; (ii) Poultry Production; (iii) Animal Health; (iv) System Research; (v) Socio-economics; (vi) Goat and Sheep Production; (vii) Biotechnology; and (viii) Planning, Training and Technology Demonstration. The 1984 Ordinance was amended in 1996 as an Act in line with the amendment of the Act of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC).The functions of BLRI are not sharply focused and its structure has a number of deficiencies. There are many important new issues that are not reflected in the functions. Dramatic changes that have taken place in recent years within Bangladesh and internationally (globalization and trade liberalization combined with WTO regulations and OIE requirements), which have changed both domestic and the international market scenarios. In the context of these changes, the functions of BLRI need to be sharpened. Major deficiencies exist in veterinary research, planning and management, human resource management, and information management. There is no Unit and staff to deal with planning, evaluation and monitoring.Veterinary research is done only on a limited scale under the Animal Health Division, There is no provision of a Director (Research), responsible for research planning, coordinating and monitoring the implementation of research projects; evaluating and reporting research outputs on a regular basis; and maintaining direct contact with DLS and sister research institutions, as well as liaison with other concerned Depal1ments. There is no management information system (MIS) for research at BLRI and Information management is generally weak. The shortage of operat ing funds for research is acute in BLRI. The annual allocation shows a declining trend in real terms. BLRI has been entirely depending on the development budget and contract research grants from BARC (also under development projects) for carrying out research.This has restricted BLRI in developing and undertaking meaningful research programs to support the poverty reduction program of the Government. BLRI has problems with training of its personnel. There is no provision for staff training or a built-in system of carrier progression within the research divisions like in the research institutes in the crop sector. This has created a high rate of attrition of qualified scientists. Policy framework for Livestock Research: 1. Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources; 2. Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported; 3.The mandat e, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments; and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development; 4. Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development; 5. The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes; 6.Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation; 7. Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opport unities for talented scientists; 8. Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Livestock Extension For the extension of Livestock Services the Directorate of Livestock Services was established in 1960 and renamed as the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) in the late 1980s.Since 1960, the mandate and functions, structure, organization and management systems of DLS have remained almost unchanged. DLS is organized into five divisions, headed by their respective Directors: (i) Animal Health and Administration; (ii) Research, Training and Evaluation; (iii) Extension; (iv) Officers Training Institute; and (v) Production. The divisions are functionally split into sections to deal with different subject matters. Other entities of DLS include a LRI (Livestock Research Institute), a CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory), 7 FDIL (Field Disease Investigation Laboratories), a CVH (Central Veterinary Ho spital), and 64 DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals).DLS has a number of training facilities such as the OTIs (Officers Training Institute) and VTI (Veterinary Training Institutes) and LTI (Livestock Training Institute), but remain grossly underutilized due to lack of funds. The structure of DLS offers insufficient focus on the issues that matter most. The functional Divisions are not structured in a logical fashion. Elements of veterinary services are scattered throughout different divisions/sections and function in an uncoordinated manner. The Veterinary Public Health Section exists but is neither equipped nor does it have the funds to deal adequately with disease surveillance and reporting, food safety and control of zoonotic diseases, and other public health issues. It has no linkages to the Health Department and the Public Health Institute.It also does not have a supporting legal framework to implement its mandate. Almost nothing is done on disease surveillance, including trans- boundary diseases. The major challenges facing DLS were identified as: (i) inappropriate mandate and functions; (ii) structural and organizational deficiencies; (iii) frontline services at the Upazila level is thin and weak; (iv) weak linkages with research organization including BLRI; (v) weak management system and MIS (management information system; (vi) slow recruitment and promotion system; (vii) shortage of skilled manpower; (viii) lack of regular skill development training; and (ix) limited budget allocation.In the context of increasing participation by the private sector and NGOs in livestock development, there is an urgent need to redefine the mandate and functions of DLS in a fashion that will allow it to gradually withdraw from private goods services, engage increasingly in delivery of public goods services viz. disease surveillance and reporting, food safety, enforcement of . laws and regulations, and quality control of feeds/drugs/vaccines/semen and breeding materials an d facilitate private sector involvement. Policy framework for Livestock Extension: 1. Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc 2. DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. ; 3.Livestock extension services frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages; 4. Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services; 5. Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumer’s rights protection; 6. Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defin ed human resource development action plan; 7. Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. 8.A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. 9. DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and 10. Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies. 5. Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows: a. Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment; b.Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technologi cal innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment; c. Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment; d. An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place; and e. Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive. Policy framework for dairy development is: Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country; †¢Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated; †¢Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted; †¢Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted; †¢A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development; †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"National Dairy Research Institute† would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Policy framework for meat production: Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat; †¢Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques; †¢Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level; †¢Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises; †¢Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities; and Local Government would be encouraged to esta blish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters; †¢Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects; †¢Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. Policy framework or Poultry Development: †¢Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development; †¢Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers associations would be facilitated; †¢Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations; †¢Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted; †¢Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks; †¢Speci fic guidelines would be developed and enforced for stablishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms; Small commercial farms would be converted into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. †¢Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and demonstration etc †¢Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g. Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted; †¢National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established; and †¢National Avian Flu Preparedness Plan would be implemented.Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health: †¢Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services; †¢Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects; †¢An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials; †¢A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced; †¢Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services; †¢Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established; †¢Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases; †¢Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases; †¢Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services ; †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"National Livestock Health Disaster Committee† would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis; †¢A separate â€Å"Veterinary Cell† would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. †¢Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management: Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops; †¢Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop re sidues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed; †¢An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality; and †¢ Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. †¢Organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector; †¢Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives; †¢Human resource development. Policy framework for Breeds Development: A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved; †¢Conservation and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed; †¢A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed; †¢Frozen semen production unit would be established for wi de scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country; †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœBreeders Association’ would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. Policy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products: Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations; †¢Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved; †¢Farmer's information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support; †¢An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products; †¢Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing; †¢Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers; †¢Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. Policy framework for Livestock Research: Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources; †¢Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported; †¢The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments; and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development; †¢Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-pro ducts, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development; †¢The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes; †¢Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation; †¢Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists; †¢Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Policy framework for Livestock Extension: †¢Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc †¢DL S would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. ; †¢Livestock extension ervices frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages; †¢Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services; †¢Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumer’s rights protection; †¢Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan; †¢Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension tra ining. †¢A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. †¢DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and †¢Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies.Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy †¢The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows: †¢Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment; †¢Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment; †¢Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distor tions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment; †¢An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place; and †¢Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive.